Work Queues (工作/任务队列)
(using php-amqplib)
tasks among multiple workers.
The main idea behind Work Queues (aka: Task Queues) is to avoid doing a resource-intensive task immediately and having to wait for it to complete. Instead we schedule the task to be done later. We encapsulate a task as a message and send it
to a queue. A worker process running in the background will pop the tasks and eventually execute the job. When you run many workers the tasks will be shared between them.
工作队列（也叫任务队列）的主要是思想是避免立即处理那种资源密集且需要处理很久才能完成的任务。相反呢，我们安排这种任务稍后完成。我们把任务封装成消息的形式发送到一个队列。一个后台运行的“worker”进程会取出这些任务，最终完成这个任务。当你运行多个“worker”时，任务便会共享于他们之间。
This concept is especially useful in web applications where it’s impossible to handle a complex task during a short HTTP request window.
在一次较短的HTTP请求中是不可能处理一个复杂的任务的，这个观念在web应用中尤其有用。
Preparation（准备！）
In the previous part of this tutorial we sent a message containing “Hello World!”. Now we’ll be sending strings that stand for complex tasks. We don’t have a real-world task, like images to be resized or pdf files to be rendered, so let’s fake it by just pretending
we’re busy – by using the sleep() function. We’ll take the number of dots in the string as its complexity; every dot will account for one second of “work”. For example, a fake task described by Hello… will take three seconds.
上回说到，咱们发了个“Hello World”的消息。 这回发送一些字符串来代表复杂的任务。我们没有像调整图片大小或者pdf渲染等现实生活中的任务，那么我们用sleep()函数来伪装任务很耗时，进而模拟现实中的场景
We will slightly modify the send.php code from our previous example, to allow arbitrary messages to be sent from the command line. This program will schedule tasks to our work queue, so let’s name it new_task.php:
记得”send.php”吧，我们稍微修改下下，以便于它可以通过命令发送任意消息。 这个程序会向我们的工作队列中安排任务，
所以就叫它new_task.php吧。
$data = implode(' ', array_slice($argv, 1));if(empty($data)) $data = "Hello World!";$msg = new AMQPMessage($data, array('delivery_mode' => 2) # make message persistent );$channel->basic_publish($msg, '', 'task_queue');echo " [x] Sent ", $data, "\n";Our old receive.php script also requires some changes: it needs to fake a second of work for every dot in the message body. It will pop messages from the queue and perform the task, so let’s call it worker.php:
之前的receive.php也要做点调整：消息中的每个点号需要被当成一秒来模拟工作耗时。它会从队列中取出并执行任务，所以就叫它worker.php吧。
$callback = function($msg){ echo " [x] Received ", $msg->body, "\n"; sleep(substr_count($msg->body, '.')); echo " [x] Done", "\n"; $msg->delivery_info['channel']->basic_ack($msg->delivery_info['delivery_tag']);};$channel->basic_qos(null, 1, null);$channel->basic_consume('task_queue', '', false, false, false, false, $callback);Note that our fake task simulates execution time.
注意我们的假定任务需要模拟执行时间。
Run them as in tutorial one: 执行方式跟上回一样（如下）
shell1$ php new_task.php "A very hard task which takes two seconds.."shell2$ php worker.php
Round-robin dispatching（循环调度/分发）
One of the advantages of using a Task Queue is the ability to easily parallelise work. If we are building up a backlog of work, we can just add more workers and that way, scale easily.
轻松地工作并行能力是使用任务队列的优势之一。要是我们有一堆任务，那就增加更多的worker就好了，很容易衡量。
First, let’s try to run two worker.php scripts at the same time. They will both get messages from the queue, but how exactly? Let’s see.
首先，我们同事运行俩worker.php。它们都会从队列中获得消息，可究竟为喵呢？ 接着看。
You need three consoles open. Two will run the worker.php script. These consoles will be our two consumers – C1 and C2.
打开三个控制台。其中俩运行worker.php。这俩控制台就是我们的两个消费者，就叫C1和C2吧。
shell1$ php worker.php [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
shell2$ php worker.php [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
In the third one we’ll publish new tasks. Once you’ve started the consumers you can publish a few messages:
第三个呢，我们用来发布任务。要是你已经运行了消费者（们），就发布一些消息吧。
shell3$ php new_task.php First message.shell3$ php new_task.php Second message..shell3$ php new_task.php Third message...shell3$ php new_task.php Fourth message....shell3$ php new_task.php Fifth message.....
Let’s see what is delivered to our workers:
瞅瞅都啥发给我们的worker了。
shell1$ php worker.php [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C [x] Received 'First message.' [x] Received 'Third message...' [x] Received 'Fifth message.....'
shell2$ php worker.php [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C [x] Received 'Second message..' [x] Received 'Fourth message....'
By default, RabbitMQ will send each message to the next consumer, in sequence. On average every consumer will get the same number of messages. This way of distributing messages is called round-robin. Try this out with three or more workers.
默认嘞，RabbitMQ 会按顺序发送每一条消息到下一个消费者，通常每个消费者会收到相同数量的消息。这种分发消息的方式就叫“round-robin”。试试三个或更多的woker.
Message acknowledgment（消息确认）
Doing a task can take a few seconds. You may wonder what happens if one of the consumers starts a long task and dies with it only partly done. With our current code, once RabbitMQ delivers a message to the customer it immediately removes it from memory. In
this case, if you kill a worker we will lose the message it was just processing. We’ll also lose all the messages that were dispatched to this particular worker but were not yet handled.
处理一个任务会要好几秒。你可能会想要是其中一个消费者执行一个耗时的任务且死在半路上咋整。按我们现在的代码来说，
一旦RabbitMQ派送一条信息到一个消费者，就会从内存中立即将它删除。这种场景下，如果你K掉一个worker的进程，那么它
正在处理的那条消息就会丢失。同样所有派送到这个worker的消息，在未处理前都会丢失。
But we don’t want to lose any tasks. If a worker dies, we’d like the task to be delivered to another worker.
我们肯定不想丢掉任何任务呀。如果一个worker挂了，我们很希望这个任务被分配到其他的worker头上。
In order to make sure a message is never lost, RabbitMQ supports message acknowledgments. An ack(nowledgement) is sent back from the consumer to tell RabbitMQ that a particular message has been received, processed and that RabbitMQ is free to delete
it.
为了保证消息决不丢失，RabbitMQ支持消息确认。啥意思呢？就是说消费者发送一条消息给RabbitMQ告诉它说，某条特定的
消息已经收到且处理了，这样RabbitMQ就可以随便删除它啦。
If a consumer dies without sending an ack, RabbitMQ will understand that a message wasn’t processed fully and will redeliver it to another consumer. That way you can be sure that no message is lost, even if the workers occasionally die.
如果消费者没法送（消息）确认就挂了，RabbitMQ就会认为消息没有被完全处理，然后重新派送它到另一个消费者。那样
的话你就能保证不会丢失消息啦，即使worker间歇性死掉都木事。
There aren’t any message timeouts; RabbitMQ will redeliver the message only when the worker connection dies. It’s fine even if processing a message takes a very, very long time.
当且仅当worker连接挂掉的时候，RabbitMQ才会重新派送消息。所以不存在消息处理超时问题。即使要花好久好久好久好久
….处理一条消息都木事。
Message acknowledgments are turned off by default. It’s time to turn them on by setting the fourth parameter to basic_consume to false (true means no ack) and send a proper acknowledgment from the worker, once we’re done with a task.
默认情况下，消息确认是关闭的。是时候开启他们了，一旦一项任务完成，通过设置basic_consume 第四个参数设置为false(true意思是关闭消息确认)来发送适当的确认信息。
$callback = function($msg){ echo " [x] Received ", $msg->body, "\n"; sleep(substr_count($msg->body, '.')); echo " [x] Done", "\n"; $msg->delivery_info['channel']->basic_ack($msg->delivery_info['delivery_tag']);};$channel->basic_consume('task_queue', '', false, false, false, false, $callback);Using this code we can be sure that even if you kill a worker using CTRL+C while it was processing a message, nothing will be lost. Soon after the worker dies all unacknowledged messages will be redelivered.
用这段代码我们就能保证神马都不会丢失，即使你在worker处理消息的时候用CTRL+C把它K掉。要是worker被干掉，不久
所有未确认的消息会被重新派送。
Message durability（消息持久性）
We have learned how to make sure that even if the consumer dies, the task isn’t lost. But our tasks will still be lost if RabbitMQ server stops.
我们已经学了怎么保证消费者挂掉的时候任务不丢失。但是如果RabbitMQ服务挂了，我们的任务仍然会丢失。
When RabbitMQ quits or crashes it will forget the queues and messages unless you tell it not to. Two things are required to make sure that messages aren’t lost: we need to mark both the queue and messages as durable.
当RabbitMQ退出或者挂掉，它会忘掉其中的队列和消息，除非你告诉它表酱紫！！！
要保证消息不丢失，需要做两件事：我们需要把队列和消息都标记为持久的。
First, we need to make sure that RabbitMQ will never lose our queue. In order to do so, we need to declare it as durable. To do so we pass the third parameter to queue_declare as true:
首先，我们需要保证RabbitMQ永远不会丢失我们的队列。为了这么干，我们得声明它为持久的。也就是把queue_declare
的第三个参数设置为true.
$channel->queue_declare('hello', false, true, false, false);Although this command is correct by itself, it won’t work in our present setup. That’s because we’ve already defined a queue called hello which is not durable. RabbitMQ doesn’t allow you to redefine an existing queue with different parameters and will return
an error to any program that tries to do that. But there is a quick workaround – let’s declare a queue with different name, for example task_queue:
尽管这么用是没错的，但当前的设置不会起作用。因为我们已经定义了一个叫hello的非持久的队列。RabbitMQ不允许用不同的参数重新定义一个已存在的队列，并返回错误给任何试图那么做的程序。不过这有一个快捷的解决方案-我们可以声明一个不同名字的队列，例如task_queue:
$channel->queue_declare('task_queue', false, true, false, false);This flag set to true needs to be applied to both the producer and consumer code.
生产者和消费者的代码都需要将队列声明这里设置为true（第三个参数）。
At this point we’re sure that the task_queue queue won’t be lost even if RabbitMQ restarts. Now we need to mark our messages as persistent – by setting the delivery_mode = 2 message property which AMQPMessage takes as part of the property array.
到这里，我们就能保证及时RabbitMQ重启task_queue这个队列也不会丢失。现在呢，我们也得把消息标记为持久的，设置一个数组的属性delivery_mode=2，作为AMQPMessage 的参数（第二个）就可以啦。
$msg = new AMQPMessage($data, array('delivery_mode' => 2) # make message persistent );
Fair dispatch（公平分配）
You might have noticed that the dispatching still doesn’t work exactly as we want. For example in a situation with two workers, when all odd messages are heavy and even messages are light, one worker will be constantly busy and the other one will do hardly
any work. Well, RabbitMQ doesn’t know anything about that and will still dispatch messages evenly.
你可能发现了这个分发工作并没按照我么预想的运行。比如一种情况有两个worker，当所有奇数的消息都非常耗时，就算是不耗时，一个worker会一直繁忙，而另一个几乎不干活。好喵，RabbitMQ对于这种情况毫无所知，还会继续均匀的分发消息。
This happens because RabbitMQ just dispatches a message when the message enters the queue. It doesn’t look at the number of unacknowledged messages for a consumer. It just blindly dispatches every n-th message to the n-th consumer.
发生这种情况的原因是当信息进入到队列RabbitMQ只是进行分发。它不会去看某个消费者未确认的消息。它只会盲目地分发第N个消息到第N个消费者。
In order to defeat that we can use the basic_qos method with the prefetch_count = 1 setting. This tells RabbitMQ not to give more than one message to a worker at a time. Or, in other words, don’t dispatch a new message to a worker until it has processed and
acknowledged the previous one. Instead, it will dispatch it to the next worker that is not still busy.
为了解决这种情况，我们可以用basic_qus方法，设置prefetch_count=1. 这会告诉RabbitMQ一次只给一个worker一个消息。
或者，换句话说，在一个worker处理完和确认上一个消息前，不要给他派送新消息。相反，RabbitMQ会把消息派送给下一个
闲置的worker.
$channel->basic_qos(null, 1, null);
Putting it all together（合体！！！again 哈哈）
Final code of our new_task.php file:（new_task.php的终极神码）
channel();$channel->queue_declare('task_queue', false, true, false, false);$data = implode(' ', array_slice($argv, 1));if(empty($data)) $data = "Hello World!";$msg = new AMQPMessage($data, array('delivery_mode' => 2) # make message persistent );$channel->basic_publish($msg, '', 'task_queue');echo " [x] Sent ", $data, "\n";$channel->close();$connection->close();?>(new_task.php source)
And our worker.php: （worker哦）
channel();$channel->queue_declare('task_queue', false, true, false, false);echo ' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C', "\n";$callback = function($msg){ echo " [x] Received ", $msg->body, "\n"; sleep(substr_count($msg->body, '.')); echo " [x] Done", "\n"; $msg->delivery_info['channel']->basic_ack($msg->delivery_info['delivery_tag']);};$channel->basic_qos(null, 1, null);$channel->basic_consume('task_queue', '', false, false, false, false, $callback);while(count($channel->callbacks)) { $channel->wait();}$channel->close();$connection->close();?>(worker.php source)
Using message acknowledgments and prefetch you can set up a work queue. The durability options let the tasks survive even if RabbitMQ is restarted.
你可以使用消息确认和预抓取来创建一个工作队列。持久性设置使得即使RabbitMQ重启了任务还会存活。
Now we can move on to tutorial 3 and learn how to deliver the same message to many consumers.
下一扒，我们会学习咋给多个消费者发送相同的消息，就像广播，嗯嗯！
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